Introduction

The fundamental, universal, physical constants of nature, which, in this book, I see as FUPCONs, do not exist in nature as their descriptions in the physical literature lead us to believe. In fact, the sciences of physics and astronomy would fare better without them: FUPCONs complicate equations, and their use in them makes depictions of nature difficult to understand.

I can guess what you are thinking--FUPCONs must exist. I see them in well-established equations; therefore, they really do exist. Of course, they do appear in equations but as collections of unit-conversion factors, which operate like constants of proportionality to make the irrational, metric-based equations work. The presence of FUPCONs is necessary when we use the existing Système International (SI) of unit measures, which is unrelated to the phenomena being measured. The magnitudes of these metric units are based upon humanoid and terrestrial attributes rather than those of elementary particles and, therefore, are wholly inappropriate for use in studying elementary-particle phenomena.

When working with expressions that pertain to a particular elementary particle, we must use units of measure that possess the same magnitudes as do that particle's unitary attributes, which are its natural, intrinsic (quantized) units of mass, temperature, charge, length, and time. By doing so, we obtain equations that are free of FUPCONs.

If an expression about a particular elementary particle contains a constant of proportionality, then that constant is composed of factors that are the quantum attributes of that elementary particle. Conversely, if the units of measure in an expression that depicts a phenomenon of a particular elementary particle possess, respectively, the same magnitudes as the quantum attributes of that elementary particle, then constants of proportionality do not exist in that expression.

In Part One of this book, we examine phenomena of the incredibly tiny and eliminate most FUPCONs from elementary-particle-based equations.

First, we place ourselves in the proper frame of mind by examining continuity and determinism in our Real World as opposed to discontinuity and probability in the Quantum World.

Second, this prompts us to imagine that the quantum attributes of elementary particles establish the boundary between the Real and Quantum Worlds and to ask: What are the quantum attributes of elementary particles, and why are their magnitudes what they are? Then, we use these attributes of the electron to create a Système Électronique (SE) of unit measures.

Third, we get rid of Planck's constant, which is one of the first-invented ones and appears in more quantum expressions than do the others.

Fourth, we remove the mention of Planck's constant from Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, which helps to simplify the explanation of that principle's significance.

Fifth, we examine Coulomb's electronic-force equation and dispose of its permittivity constant.

Sixth, we examine Ampère's magnetic-force equation and dispose of its permeability constant.

Seventh, we establish the magnitudes of the quantum attributes of a hypothetical elementary particle of matter, which I call the masson. Amazingly, all of these attributes use the same factor to equal each one's electronic-attribute counterpart, thus quantitatively, and most convincingly, linking the forces of electromagnetism and gravitation. We use the unitary attributes of the masson to create a Système Gravitatif (SG) of unit measures.

Eighth, after analyzing Newton's gravitational-force equation, we throw away his gravitational constant.

Ninth, we replace the historical recursive definition of the fine-structure constant with its real significance to find that it exists in electromagnetic- and gravitational-force equations because we use an inertial unit of force to measure both electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena.

Tenth, we establish the unitary attributes of electrical potential, current, and resistance and of magnetic flux--each of which equals a value of one.

Eleventh, we take a look at a real FUPCON, the speed of light, which, as a constant in quantum-physical expressions, we also can abandon.

Twelfth, we eliminate Boltzmann's and the universal gas constants and show that the ultimate value of Avogadro's number is dimensionless unity.

Thirteenth, we examine the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom to find that, because both inertial and electromagnetic forces exist in the hydrogen atom, the fine-structure constant permeates it, yet Planck's constant, or any other constant except π, does not enter into it at all.

Fourteenth, a study of Planck's cavity-radiancy equation reveals that we can cast aside its two radiation constants.

Fifteenth, by examining the Bohr and nuclear magnetons, we learn why the presence of FUPCONs in equations can lead us into believing false assumptions.

Sixteenth, we eliminate the multitude of FUPCONs that are present in Bekenstein and Hawking's equation for the entropy of a Black Hole by using the quantum attributes of the masson as the units in a Système Gravitatif of unit measures.

Seventeenth, we calculate a more-understandable equation for the Schwarzschild radius by using the Système Gravitatif of units of measure and explore, quantitatively, various aspects of Black-Hole phenomena.

In Part Two of this book, we contemplate--subjectively and metaphysically--phenomena of the humongously immense and create a model of Our Dual Universe based upon extrapolations of truths from Part One.

In Part Three, Appendixes A, B, and C detail, respectively, the Système International (SI) of unit measures, scientific notation, and how scientists use tables of empirical data to formulate proportions and equations, which describe physical phenomena in easily-manipulative mathematical terms.

Appendix D presents suggestions for naming the SE units of measure.

Appendix E presents tables, which contain FUPCON values and the quantum-attribute values of the electron, proton, and masson. It also presents electromagnetic-to-gravitational force comparisons and the quantum attributes of Black Holes and of the electron in the Bohr hydrogen atom.

Appendix F lists juxtaposed SI, SE, SP, and SG values, as appropriate, for each historical FUPCON.

If you need to refresh your memory with regard to the subjects in the first-three appendixes, you can flip through them before continuing. If you are already knowledgeable in these areas, you may want to ignore them altogether. The last-two appendixes contain new material.

The purpose of manipulating the equations in this book is not to produce accurate numerical values but to show how to convert the FUPCONs into their constituent factors toward the aim of eliminating them from equations. Therefore, I perform arithmetic calculations using the most-accurate values available, as listed in Appendix E. Then, to simplify the presentation, I round the printed results in exponential notation to two significant figures.